Pronoun co-referencing errors: Challenges for generativist and usage-based accounts

This study tests accounts of co-reference errors whereby children allow ‘‘Mama Bear’’ and ‘‘her’’ to co-refer in sentences like ‘‘Mama Bear is washing her’’ (Chien and Wexler 1990). 63 children aged 4;6, 5;6 and 6;6 participated in a truth-value judgment task augmented with a sentence production component. There were three major finding: 1) contrary to predictions of most generativist accounts, children accepted co-reference even in cases of bound anaphora e.g., ‘‘Every girl is washing her’’ 2) contrary to Thornton and Wexler (1999), errors did not appear to occur because children understood referring expressions to be denoting the same person in different guises 3) contrary to usage-based accounts, errors were less likely in sentences that contained lower as opposed to higher frequency verbs. Error rates also di¤ered significantly according to pronoun type (‘‘him’’, ‘‘her’’, ‘‘them’’). These challenging results are discussed in terms of possible processing explanations.